Thymosin Alpha-1 – 10mg

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a biologically active peptide fragment cleaved from the precursor protein prothymosin alpha, which is encoded by the PTMA gene. As a critical immune regulatory peptide, Tα1 is intricately involved in the modulation of cellular immune responses, particularly enhancing the maturation and efficacy of key immune effector cells. Its primary sequence, Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Gly-Glu-Asn-OH, includes 28 amino acids and features an N-terminal acetylation which is pivotal for its stability and functional interaction within the immune system.

Tα1 operates through a multifaceted mechanism primarily characterized by the upregulation of T-cell, dendritic cell, and natural killer (NK) cell activity. It enhances the expression of critical components of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, thus facilitating T-cell responsiveness to antigens. This peptide also acts on dendritic cells to promote their maturation, characterized by increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, which are essential for antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation.

Furthermore, Tα1 influences the cytokine milieu, notably increasing levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which are crucial for initiating and propagating the Th1 immune response against infectious agents and tumor cells. The regulation of these cytokines underscores its role in skewing the immune response towards a cell-mediated immunity, which is vital for effective responses against intracellular pathogens and malignant cells.

At the molecular level, Tα1’s activities may be mediated through interactions with pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), possibly TLR9, which facilitate innate immune sensing and subsequent adaptive immune responses. This interaction likely modulates downstream signaling pathways, including the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which play pivotal roles in cytokine production and immune cell regulation.

For Research Use Only

Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment

Immunopotentiator Thymosin Alpha-1 Promotes Neurogenesis and Cognition in the Developing Mouse via a Systemic Th1 Bias

Thymosin alpha1: an endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance